An increase in alpha coherence in the whole brain region has been observed during relaxation meditation, whereas various non-ubiquitous topological patterns have been observed during meditation pursuing both relaxation and awareness simultaneously ( Zelazo et al., 2007). Large amplitude gamma band activity with synchrony over various region of the brain has also been observed in expert Tibetan compassionate meditators ( Lutz et al., 2004). As a network property, left prefrontal activity relative to right prefrontal activity, indicative of positive emotion, increased after meditation training period and that immune functions simultaneously increased in proportion with that activity ( Davidson et al., 2003). The default network of the brain has been measured since the first recording of human surface EEG in 1932 ( Berger, 1932) and early meditation studies has been conducted using EEG rather than fMRI or PET imaging ( Cahn and Polich, 2006). Brain regions associated with the default mode were active during MW. Activity in salience network regions were identified during awareness of MW and executive network regions were active during shifting and sustained attention. The more detailed model specifying four sub-intervals in a meditative cognitive cycles was also proposed, which includes mind wandering (MW), awareness of MW, shifting of attention, and sustained attention ( Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012). A systematic review of mindfulness training showed that early phase of training are more concerned with the development of focused attention and the following phase are characterized by an open monitoring ( Chiesa et al., 2011). Another kind of meditation called loving kindness or compassion meditation has been shown to be related with emotion sharing network including limbic circuitry, insula, and anterior cingulated cortices ( Lutz et al., 2008 Mograbi, 2011). Self-networks, integrative fronto-parietal control network, and neurocognitive systems which consists of self-awareness, regulation, and transcendence during mindfulness meditation, covering both concentrative and open monitoring receptive process were also proposed ( Vago and David, 2012). Attention network, network of brain regions typically involved in attention task, has proved to be activated through focused attention meditation ( Mograbi, 2011 Froeliger et al., 2012). The meditation has been categorized by focused attention and open monitoring ( Lutz et al., 2008b). The various network of the brain during meditation processes transforming dysfunctional self-network to prosocial or transcendence network, have been proposed ( Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012). The confluence of empirical neuroscience and computational network models is beginning to reveal the complex architecture of the human brain ( Sporns, 2011 Thatcher, 2012). It is expected that increasing heart coherence and the accompanying EEG alpha activations, heart brain synchronicity, would help recover physiological synchrony following a period of homeostatic depletion. Heart coherence can be a cardiac marker for the meditative state and also may be a general marker for the meditative state since heart coherence is strongly correlated with EEG alpha activities. Relative alpha power increased with increasing heart coherence during both meditation and baseline periods. Average alpha lagged coherence also increased with increasing heart coherence during meditation, but weak opposite relationship was observed at baseline. Parietal peak alpha power increased with increasing heart coherence during meditation, but no such relationship was observed during baseline. A significant slowing of parietal peak alpha frequency was observed. Relative EEG alpha power and alpha lagged coherence also increased. Heart coherence, representing the degree of ordering in oscillation of heart rhythm intervals, increased significantly during meditation. Electrophysiological changes in response to meditation were explored in 12 healthy volunteers who completed 8 weeks of a basic training course in autogenic meditation. This study is aimed to determine significant physiological parameters of brain and heart under meditative state, both in each activities and their dynamic correlations. 3College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.2Division of Digital Media Engineering, Sang-Myung University, Seoul, Korea.1Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.Dae-Keun Kim 1,2, Kyung-Mi Lee 1, Jongwha Kim 2, Min-Cheol Whang 2* and Seung Wan Kang 1,3*
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